Machine-learning-based Android malware classifiers perform badly on the detection of new malware, in particular, when they take API calls and permissions as input features, which are the best performing features known so far. This is mainly because signature-based features are very sensitive to the training data and cannot capture general behaviours of identified malware. To improve the robustness of classifiers, we study the problem of learning and verifying unwanted behaviours abstracted as automata. They are common patterns shared by malware instances but rarely seen in benign applications, e.g., interception and forwarding incoming SMS messages. We show that by taking the verification results against unwanted behaviours as input features, the classification performance of detecting new malware is improved dramatically. In particular, the precision and recall are respectively 8% and 51% better than those using API calls and permissions, measured against industrial datasets collected across several years. Our approach integrates several methods: formal methods, machine learning and text mining techniques. It is the first to automatically generate unwanted behaviours for Android malware detection. We also demonstrate unwanted behaviours constructed for well-known malware families. They compare well to those described in human-authored descriptions of these families.
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